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''Knowing and the Known'' is a 1949 book by John Dewey and Arthur Bentley. == Overview == As well as a Preface, an Introduction and an Index, the book consists of 12 chapters, or papers, as the authors call them in their introduction. Chapters 1 (Vagueness in Logic), 8 (Logic in an Age of Science) and 9 (A Confused "Semiotic") were written by Bentley; Chapter 10 (Common Sense and Science) by Dewey, while the remainder were signed jointly. The terminology problem in the fields of epistemology and logic is partially due, according to Dewey and Bentley,〔John Dewey, Arthur Bentley, (1949). ''Knowing and the Known''. Beacon Press, Boston.〕 to inefficient and imprecise use of words and concepts that reflect three historic levels of organization and presentation.〔John Dewey, Arthur Bentley, (1949). ''Knowing and the Known''. Beacon Press, Boston. p107-109〕 In the order of chronological appearance, these are : *Self-Action: Prescientific concepts regarded humans, animals, and things as possessing powers of their own which initiated or caused their actions. *Interaction: as described by Newton, where things, living and inorganic, are balanced against something in a system of interaction, for example, the third law of motion states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. *Transaction: where modern systems of descriptions and naming are employed to deal with multiple aspects and phases of action without any attribution to ultimate, final, or independent entities, essences, or realities. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Knowing and the Known」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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